Heat transfer refers to the transfer of thermal energy from one body to another due to the temperature gradient. There are three modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction occurs due to the vibration of molecules, convection occurs due to the fluid motion, and radiation occurs due to the electromagnetic waves.
The boundary layer theory is a mathematical framework for analyzing the transport phenomena near a surface. The boundary layer is a thin region near the surface where the transport phenomena occur. Heat transfer refers to the transfer of thermal
where c_p is the specific heat capacity, T is the temperature, k is the thermal conductivity, and Q is the heat source term. The boundary layer theory is a mathematical framework
The turbulence is governed by the Navier-Stokes equations, which describe the motion of a fluid. However, the Navier-Stokes equations are nonlinear and difficult to solve for turbulent flows. The turbulence is governed by the Navier-Stokes equations,
∂ρ/∂t + ∇⋅(ρv) = 0
Mass transfer refers to the transfer of mass from one phase to another due to the concentration gradient. There are two types of mass transfer: diffusion and convection. Diffusion occurs due to the random motion of molecules, while convection occurs due to the fluid motion.
The mass transfer is also governed by Fick's laws of diffusion, which relate the mass flux to the concentration gradient.